xviii
Contents
20.2.4
Culture Methods
321
20.2.4.1
Batch Culture
321
20.2.4.2
Continuous Culture
322
20.2.5
Harvesting Cultures
322
20.2.6
Bioenergy Production Process from Microalgae
322
20.2.6.1
Production Processes
322
20.2.6.2
Biomass Production from Marine Water Algae
322
20.2.7
Large-Scale Production and Processing of Microalgae
324
20.2.7.1
Biomethane Production by Anaerobic Digestion
324
20.2.7.2
Liquid Oil Production by Thermal Liquefaction Process
325
20.2.7.3
Transesterification Process
325
20.2.7.4
Nano-Catalyzed Transesterification Process
325
20.2.7.5
Biohydrogen Production by Photobiological Process
326
20.3
Genetic Engineering for the Improvement of Microalgae
326
20.4
Conclusion and Challenges in Commercializing Microalgae
327
References
327
Part VII Emerging Technologies (Nano Biotechnology) for
Zero Waste
329
21
Nanomaterials and Biopolymers for the Remediation of
Polluted Sites
331
Minchitha K. Umesha, Sadhana Venkatesh, and Swetha Seshagiri
21.1
Introduction
331
21.2
Water Remediation
332
21.2.1
Application of Nanotechnology for Water Disinfection and Textile Dye
Degradation
332
21.2.2
Nanobiopolymers for Water Disinfection and Textile Dye
Degradation
334
21.3
Soil Remediation
336
21.3.1
Application of Nanotechnology for Soil Remediation
337
References
339
22
Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials for Sensing and
Bioremediation of Pollutants
343
Satyam and S. Patra
22.1
Introduction
343
22.2
Synthesis and Surface Modification Strategies for Nanoparticles
345
22.3
Binding Techniques for Biofunctionalization of Nanoparticles
345
22.3.1
Covalent Functionalization
346
22.3.2
Non-Covalent Functionalization
346
22.3.3
Encapsulation
347
22.3.4
Adsorption
348